正确启用HTTP/2支持，正确配置ssl_protocols和ssl_ciphers

F2EX 玩儿 2016-11-11

NGINX Security

HTTP 2.0即超文本传输协议 2.0，是下一代HTTP协议。在开放互联网上HTTP 2.0将只用于https://网址，而 http://网址将继续使用HTTP/1，目的是在开放互联网上增加使用加密技术，以提供强有力的保护去遏制主动攻击。

HTTP/2 的优势

相比 HTTP/1.x，HTTP/2 在底层传输做了很大的改动和优化：

HTTP/2 采用二进制格式传输数据，而非 HTTP/1.x 的文本格式。二进制格式在协议的解析和优化扩展上带来更多的优势和可能。
HTTP/2 对消息头采用 HPACK 进行压缩传输，能够节省消息头占用的网络的流量。而 HTTP/1.x 每次请求，都会携带大量冗余头信息，浪费了很多带宽资源。头压缩能够很好的解决该问题。
多路复用，直白的说就是所有的请求都是通过一个 TCP 连接并发完成。HTTP/1.x 虽然能利用一个连接完成多次请求，但是多个请求之间是有先后顺序的，后面发送的请求必须等待上一个请求返回才能发送响应。这会很容易导致后面的请求被阻塞，而 HTTP/2 做到了真正的并发请求。同时，流还支持优先级和流量控制。
Server Push：服务端能够更快的把资源推送给客户端。例如服务端可以主动把 JS 和 CSS 文件推送给客户端，而不需要客户端解析 HTML 再发送这些请求。当客户端需要的时候，它已经在客户端了。

如何正确启用HTTP/2

首先你要已经正确启用了HTTPS协议，nginx也要支持http2模块。启用HTTP2并非只在 listen 443 ssl 配置中加入http2就行了，它主要需要两个地方的设置支持：ssl_protocols 和 ssl_ciphers 。
在mozilla wiki中推荐了三种配置，分别是最新配置、中等兼容（默认）和旧的向后兼容性。

NGINX SSL 配置

中等兼容（默认）

对于不需要与旧客户端兼容的服务，例如 Windows XP 或旧版本的 OpenSSL。这是绝大多数服务的推荐配置，因为它高度安全并且与过去五年（或更长时间）发布的几乎所有客户端兼容。

# generated 2021-06-22, Mozilla Guideline v5.6, nginx 1.17.7, OpenSSL 1.1.1d, intermediate configuration

server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    location / {
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    }
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    listen [::]:443 ssl http2;

    ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
    ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
    ssl_session_cache shared:MozSSL:10m;  # about 40000 sessions
    ssl_session_tickets off;

    # curl https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/ffdhe2048.txt > /path/to/dhparam
    ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam;

    # intermediate configuration
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

    # HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (63072000 seconds)
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000" always;

    # OCSP stapling
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;

    # verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
    ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;

    # replace with the IP address of your resolver
    resolver 127.0.0.1;
}

旧的向后兼容性

与许多非常老的客户端兼容，只能作为最后的手段使用。

# generated 2021-06-22, Mozilla Guideline v5.6, nginx 1.17.7, OpenSSL 1.1.1d, old configuration

server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    location / {
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    }
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    listen [::]:443 ssl http2;

    ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
    ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
    ssl_session_cache shared:MozSSL:10m;  # about 40000 sessions
    ssl_session_tickets off;

    # openssl dhparam 1024 > /path/to/dhparam
    ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam;

    # old configuration
    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    # HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (63072000 seconds)
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000" always;

    # OCSP stapling
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;

    # verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
    ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;

    # replace with the IP address of your resolver
    resolver 127.0.0.1;
}

APACHE SSL 配置

中等兼容（默认）

# generated 2021-06-22, Mozilla Guideline v5.6, Apache 2.4.41, OpenSSL 1.1.1d, intermediate configuration
# this configuration requires mod_ssl, mod_socache_shmcb, mod_rewrite, and mod_headers
<VirtualHost *:80>
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/\.well\-known/acme\-challenge/
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [R=301,L]
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>
    SSLEngine on

    # curl https://ssl-config.mozilla.org/ffdhe2048.txt >> /path/to/signed_cert_and_intermediate_certs_and_dhparams
    SSLCertificateFile      /path/to/signed_cert_and_intermediate_certs_and_dhparams
    SSLCertificateKeyFile   /path/to/private_key

    # enable HTTP/2, if available
    Protocols h2 http/1.1

    # HTTP Strict Transport Security (mod_headers is required) (63072000 seconds)
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000"
</VirtualHost>

# intermediate configuration
SSLProtocol             all -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
SSLCipherSuite          ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
SSLHonorCipherOrder     off
SSLSessionTickets       off

SSLUseStapling On
SSLStaplingCache "shmcb:logs/ssl_stapling(32768)"

旧的向后兼容性

# generated 2021-06-22, Mozilla Guideline v5.6, Apache 2.4.41, OpenSSL 1.1.1d, old configuration
# this configuration requires mod_ssl, mod_socache_shmcb, mod_rewrite, and mod_headers
<VirtualHost *:80>
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/\.well\-known/acme\-challenge/
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [R=301,L]
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>
    SSLEngine on

    # openssl dhparam 1024 >> /path/to/signed_cert_and_intermediate_certs_and_dhparams
    SSLCertificateFile      /path/to/signed_cert_and_intermediate_certs_and_dhparams
    SSLCertificateKeyFile   /path/to/private_key

    # enable HTTP/2, if available
    Protocols h2 http/1.1

    # HTTP Strict Transport Security (mod_headers is required) (63072000 seconds)
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000"
</VirtualHost>

# old configuration
SSLProtocol             all -SSLv3
SSLCipherSuite          ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA
SSLHonorCipherOrder     on
SSLSessionTickets       off

SSLUseStapling On
SSLStaplingCache "shmcb:logs/ssl_stapling(32768)"

一般情况下，使用中等兼容性（默认）配置即可启用HTTP2，你还可以通过mozilla的 SSL Configuration Generator 工具根据你的需求生成配置。

NGINX Security

2021-06-23

正确启用HTTP/2支持，正确配置ssl_protocols和ssl_ciphers

HTTP/2 的优势

如何正确启用HTTP/2

NGINX SSL 配置

最新配置

中等兼容（默认）

旧的向后兼容性

APACHE SSL 配置

最新配置

中等兼容（默认）

旧的向后兼容性

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